feat(literature-search-verify): 新增 OpenAlex 检索源、限流重试与单元测试

新增 scripts/http_utils.py 统一封装 HTTP 请求的限流重试(429/5xx 指数退避,
优先遵守服务端 Retry-After),search_arxiv/crossref/semantic_scholar.py 和
verify_citation.py 都已接入,不再各自裸调 urllib。

新增 scripts/search_openalex.py 作为第四个检索源:免费、无需 API key,覆盖面
比单独的 Crossref 更广,还能拿到开放获取PDF直链;已接入 literature_search.py
的主检索流程。verify_citation.py 的跨源标题核查同步改为同时查 Semantic
Scholar 和 OpenAlex 两个独立源、任一命中相似度达标即通过,不再单点依赖 S2——
这是针对"S2 被限流导致整批候选退化成 unverified"这个实际发生过的问题的直接
修复,已用真实网络请求验证:复测中 S2 确实当场返回了 429,靠 OpenAlex 兜底
最终判定仍然是 verified。

顺带修了 archive_references.py 的 slugify(),之前中文主题名会被正则全部
过滤掉、退化成通用的 "references",导致不同中文主题的归档目录互相冲突。

scripts/tests/ 下补了 37 个 unittest(全部 mock 网络请求,不发真实请求),
覆盖 verify_citation 的三档判定和双源核查合并逻辑、archive_references 的
bib 解析边界情况(嵌套花括号、中文主题名)、literature_search 的候选去重
合并与 BibTeX 生成、http_utils 的重试逻辑。用标准库 unittest 而不是 pytest,
和这些脚本本身不引入第三方依赖的原则保持一致。

CLAUDE.md 的下一步计划里,这一项已标记为完成。

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
This commit is contained in:
zhoujie 2026-07-21 02:53:27 -10:00
parent 3bb3528ad6
commit ea69788d0c
15 changed files with 636 additions and 56 deletions

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
name: literature-search-verify
description: Search academic literature across arXiv, Semantic Scholar, Crossref, and other connected paper-search MCP tools, and independently verify every candidate citation before it is treated as real. Use this whenever the user asks to find papers, search literature on a topic, build a reading list, compile related-work references, check whether a citation or bibliography entry actually exists, or prepare references to import into Zotero or a .bib file — especially in academic writing contexts where a fabricated citation would be a real problem. Also covers guiding the user to the Zotero Connector browser extension for Chinese-language sources (CNKI/知网, Wanfang/万方, VIP/维普) that have no public API and cannot be reached by search tools.
description: Search academic literature across arXiv, Semantic Scholar, Crossref, OpenAlex, and other connected paper-search MCP tools, and independently verify every candidate citation before it is treated as real. Use this whenever the user asks to find papers, search literature on a topic, build a reading list, compile related-work references, check whether a citation or bibliography entry actually exists, or prepare references to import into Zotero or a .bib file — especially in academic writing contexts where a fabricated citation would be a real problem. Also covers guiding the user to the Zotero Connector browser extension for Chinese-language sources (CNKI/知网, Wanfang/万方, VIP/维普) that have no public API and cannot be reached by search tools.
---
# 文献检索 + 反幻觉引用核查
@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ python3 .claude/skills/literature-search-verify/scripts/literature_search.py \
草稿和第六步归档产出的`references/<topic-slug>/`目录能通过同一个slug对上号,
之后回来补充检索同一主题时也知道去哪个子目录续。
正常情况下**只需要跑这一条命令**,它内部会依次调用 `search_arxiv.py``search_semantic_scholar.py``search_crossref.py` 做检索,再对每条合并后的候选文献跑 `verify_citation.py` 做交叉验证,输出一份JSON报告(每条候选都带`verdict`字段)。如果只是想单独查一个来源,或者针对某一条文献单独复核,再分别调用对应的单个脚本(用法见每个脚本文件开头的docstring)。
正常情况下**只需要跑这一条命令**,它内部会依次调用 `search_arxiv.py``search_semantic_scholar.py``search_crossref.py``search_openalex.py` 做检索,再对每条合并后的候选文献跑 `verify_citation.py` 做交叉验证,输出一份JSON报告(每条候选都带`verdict`字段)。如果只是想单独查一个来源,或者针对某一条文献单独复核,再分别调用对应的单个脚本(用法见每个脚本文件开头的docstring)。OpenAlex(`search_openalex.py`)是在 arXiv/Semantic Scholar/Crossref 之外新增的第四个源,免费、无需API key,覆盖面比单独的 Crossref 更广(聚合了包括 IEEE 在内的绝大多数出版商元数据),还能拿到开放获取PDF直链;可以设置`OPENALEX_MAILTO`环境变量为一个邮箱地址进入OpenAlex的"polite pool"换取更稳的限额,不设置也能正常用。
如果这些脚本因为网络原因跑不动(比如内网/代理限制导致连不上 arxiv.org、semanticscholar.org、crossref.org),`literature_search.py` 会把每个来源的报错单独记在`search_errors`里而不是直接崩溃——这时候老实告诉用户"检索脚本连不上网络,以下是报错信息",不要退回去凭记忆编文献。如果用户这边确实连不上这几个学术API域名,才退回到 web_search 工具,并在结果里明确标注"来自通用网络搜索的补充结果,未经过脚本的交叉验证流程,置信度较低"。
所有脚本的网络请求都经过 `http_utils.py` 统一封装:遇到 429(限流)或 5xx 会按指数退避自动重试几次(优先遵守服务端返回的`Retry-After`),不需要每次手动重试;`verify_citation.py`的跨源标题核查更是同时查 Semantic Scholar 和 OpenAlex 两个独立源、任一命中即算通过,不会再出现"S2一限流,整批候选的跨源核查全部退化成skipped"的情况(这是实际发生过的问题,现在已经用两个源+重试解决)。即便如此,如果这些脚本因为网络原因跑不动(比如内网/代理限制导致连不上这几个学术API域名),`literature_search.py` 会把每个来源的报错单独记在`search_errors`里而不是直接崩溃——这时候老实告诉用户"检索脚本连不上网络,以下是报错信息",不要退回去凭记忆编文献。如果用户这边确实连不上这几个学术API域名,才退回到 web_search 工具,并在结果里明确标注"来自通用网络搜索的补充结果,未经过脚本的交叉验证流程,置信度较低"。
如果用户已经连了 paper-search-mcp / scholar_mcp_server 这类MCP工具,可以补充用来扩大覆盖面(比如它们能覆盖PubMed、能直接下载PDF),但**不能替代**`verify_citation.py`的交叉验证这一步——MCP搜到的候选一样要过一遍验证,不能因为是工具搜出来的就默认可信。
@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ python3 .claude/skills/literature-search-verify/scripts/literature_search.py \
1. **arXiv ID 独立核实**:如果有 arXiv ID,反查一次 arXiv API,确认这个ID真的存在且标题对得上——一个编造的ID在这一步会直接暴露。
2. **DOI 独立核实**:如果有 DOI,反查一次 Crossref,确认这个 DOI 真的能解析出对应文献。
3. **跨源标题复核**:不管有没有ID,单独拿标题去 Semantic Scholar 搜一次,要求返回的标题跟候选标题高度相似(相似度≥0.9)——这一步专门用来抓"标题作者读起来很像真的,但其实是编出来的"这种情况。
3. **跨源标题复核(双源)**:不管有没有ID,单独拿标题分别去 Semantic Scholar 和 OpenAlex 各搜一次,要求返回的标题跟候选标题高度相似(相似度≥0.9)——这一步专门用来抓"标题作者读起来很像真的,但其实是编出来的"这种情况。两个源里任一个命中相似度达标就算通过;只有当两个源都明确没找到匹配(不是因为网络问题被跳过)时才算这一项核查失败——避免某个源覆盖不全(比如论文太新还没被其中一个索引收录)被误判成"编造"。
每条候选最后会带一个`verdict`:
- **verified**:至少一项独立核查通过,而且没有任何一项核查明确失败
@ -95,9 +95,9 @@ MCP 检索工具覆盖的是 arXiv/Semantic Scholar/Crossref 这类有公开 API
```bash
python3 .claude/skills/literature-search-verify/scripts/archive_references.py \
"UAV aeromagnetic compensation" \
--bib output/literature-search-verify/uav_aeromagnetic_compensation_final.bib \
--bib output/literature-search-verify/uav_aeromagnetic_compensation/uav_aeromagnetic_compensation_final.bib \
--project-root . \
--pdfs-dir output/literature-search-verify/pdfs \
--pdfs-dir output/literature-search-verify/uav_aeromagnetic_compensation/pdfs \
--suspect "某条可疑文献标题|不建议引用的具体原因" \
--notes "检索覆盖了哪些方向、哪些方向搜了但没结果、中文文献缺口提醒等"
```
@ -112,6 +112,21 @@ python3 .claude/skills/literature-search-verify/scripts/archive_references.py \
- 同一个`topic`名字多次调用会往同一个归档目录里覆盖更新(bib和README会被覆盖,pdfs按文件名去重合并),所以后续检索到更多文献后可以直接对同一个topic重新跑一遍归档脚本来更新,不需要手动合并。
- 这一步做完之后可以明确告诉用户归档目录的路径,方便他们后续在`paper-writing-grounded`阶段直接引用。
## 维护者备注:单元测试
`scripts/tests/` 下有针对核心正确性逻辑的单元测试(不发真实网络请求,全部用
mock):`verify_citation.py` 的三档判定和双源标题核查合并逻辑、
`archive_references.py` 的 bib 解析(含嵌套花括号、中文主题名slugify等边界
情况)、`literature_search.py` 的候选去重合并与BibTeX生成、`http_utils.py`
的限流重试。改动这几个脚本后应该跑一遍:
```bash
python3 -m unittest discover -s .claude/skills/literature-search-verify/scripts/tests -t .claude/skills/literature-search-verify/scripts
```
只用标准库`unittest`,不引入pytest等第三方测试框架,和脚本本身"不依赖第三方
包"的原则保持一致。
## 和 paper-writing-grounded 技能的配合
这个技能负责把"真实存在、经过核实的文献"整理好并生成 BibTeX;写作阶段的 paper-writing-grounded 技能会直接消费这里产出的 citation key,正文引用只能来自这里核实过的条目,不会凭空生成新的引用。两个技能配合使用时,建议先跑完这个技能、拿到稳定的参考文献列表,再进入写作。

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@ -35,8 +35,12 @@ from datetime import date
def slugify(text):
"""ASCII gets lowercased; CJK characters are kept as-is (there's no
reversible case-fold for them) so an all-Chinese topic name doesn't
collapse to nothing and fall back to the generic "references" name,
colliding with every other Chinese-named topic archived in this repo."""
text = text.strip().lower()
text = re.sub(r"[^a-z0-9]+", "_", text)
text = re.sub(r"[^a-z0-9一-鿿]+", "_", text)
return text.strip("_")[:60] or "references"

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@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Shared HTTP GET helper with exponential-backoff retry for rate limiting (429)
and transient server errors (5xx). Stdlib only.
Every search_*.py / verify_citation.py network call should go through this
instead of calling urllib.request.urlopen directly, so a single source being
temporarily rate-limited doesn't quietly degrade a whole batch of candidates
to "unverified" the way Semantic Scholar's 429s did before this existed.
Importable:
from http_utils import fetch
"""
import time
import urllib.request
import urllib.error
RETRYABLE_CODES = {429, 500, 502, 503, 504}
def _wait_seconds(http_error, attempt, base=1.0, cap=20.0):
retry_after = http_error.headers.get("Retry-After") if http_error.headers else None
if retry_after:
try:
return min(float(retry_after), cap)
except ValueError:
pass
return min(base * (2 ** attempt), cap)
def fetch(url, headers=None, timeout=20, max_retries=4):
"""GET url, retrying on 429/5xx with exponential backoff (honoring a
Retry-After header when the server sends one). Returns the raw response
bytes. Raises the underlying urllib error if retries are exhausted or the
error isn't retryable (e.g. 404)."""
req = urllib.request.Request(url, headers=headers or {})
attempt = 0
while True:
try:
with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=timeout) as resp:
return resp.read()
except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
if e.code not in RETRYABLE_CODES or attempt >= max_retries:
raise
time.sleep(_wait_seconds(e, attempt))
attempt += 1

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@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
End-to-end literature search: query arXiv + Semantic Scholar + Crossref,
merge/dedupe candidates, independently verify each one, and emit both a
human-readable report and BibTeX for the entries that passed verification.
End-to-end literature search: query arXiv + Semantic Scholar + Crossref +
OpenAlex, merge/dedupe candidates, independently verify each one, and emit
both a human-readable report and BibTeX for the entries that passed
verification.
This is the one script Claude should actually call for a normal literature
search -- the individual search_*.py / verify_citation.py scripts exist
@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
from search_arxiv import search_arxiv
from search_semantic_scholar import search_s2
from search_crossref import search_crossref
from search_openalex import search_openalex
from verify_citation import verify
@ -117,7 +119,13 @@ def to_bibtex(candidate, key):
def run(query, max_per_source=8):
all_results = []
errors = {}
for name, fn in (("arxiv", search_arxiv), ("semantic_scholar", search_s2), ("crossref", search_crossref)):
sources = (
("arxiv", search_arxiv),
("semantic_scholar", search_s2),
("crossref", search_crossref),
("openalex", search_openalex),
)
for name, fn in sources:
try:
all_results.extend(fn(query, max_per_source))
except Exception as e:

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@ -9,12 +9,15 @@ Importable:
from search_arxiv import search_arxiv
"""
import sys
import os
import json
import argparse
import urllib.request
import urllib.parse
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
from http_utils import fetch
ARXIV_API = "http://export.arxiv.org/api/query"
NS = {"atom": "http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"}
@ -28,8 +31,7 @@ def search_arxiv(query, max_results=10, timeout=20):
"sortOrder": "descending",
}
url = f"{ARXIV_API}?{urllib.parse.urlencode(params)}"
with urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=timeout) as resp:
data = resp.read()
data = fetch(url, timeout=timeout)
root = ET.fromstring(data)
results = []
for entry in root.findall("atom:entry", NS):

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@ -10,11 +10,14 @@ Importable:
from search_crossref import search_crossref
"""
import sys
import os
import json
import argparse
import urllib.request
import urllib.parse
sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
from http_utils import fetch
CROSSREF_API = "https://api.crossref.org/works"
UA = "literature-search-verify-skill/1.0 (mailto:research-assistant@example.com)"
@ -22,9 +25,7 @@ UA = "literature-search-verify-skill/1.0 (mailto:research-assistant@example.com)
def search_crossref(query, max_results=10, timeout=20):
params = {"query": query, "rows": max_results}
url = f"{CROSSREF_API}?{urllib.parse.urlencode(params)}"
req = urllib.request.Request(url, headers={"User-Agent": UA})
with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=timeout) as resp:
data = json.loads(resp.read())
data = json.loads(fetch(url, headers={"User-Agent": UA}, timeout=timeout))
results = []
for item in data.get("message", {}).get("items", []) or []:
titles = item.get("title") or []

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@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Search the OpenAlex Works API. No API key required -- set the OPENALEX_MAILTO
environment variable to an email address to use OpenAlex's "polite pool" for
higher and more reliable rate limits (OpenAlex's own recommendation, not a
credential). Coverage is broader than Crossref alone (includes arXiv, IEEE,
and most publishers' metadata in one place) and each result carries an
open-access PDF link when one exists.
CLI usage:
python3 search_openalex.py "UAV magnetic compensation" --max 10
Importable:
from search_openalex import search_openalex
"""
import sys
import os
import json
import argparse
import urllib.parse
sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
from http_utils import fetch
OPENALEX_API = "https://api.openalex.org/works"
SELECT_FIELDS = ",".join([
"doi", "title", "display_name", "publication_year", "authorships",
"primary_location", "open_access", "cited_by_count", "abstract_inverted_index",
])
def _reconstruct_abstract(inverted_index):
"""OpenAlex returns abstracts as a word -> [positions] inverted index
(for copyright reasons) instead of plain text; rebuild the plain text."""
if not inverted_index:
return None
positions = {}
for word, idxs in inverted_index.items():
for i in idxs:
positions[i] = word
if not positions:
return None
return " ".join(positions[i] for i in sorted(positions))
def search_openalex(query, max_results=10, timeout=20):
params = {"search": query, "per_page": max_results, "select": SELECT_FIELDS}
mailto = os.environ.get("OPENALEX_MAILTO")
if mailto:
params["mailto"] = mailto
url = f"{OPENALEX_API}?{urllib.parse.urlencode(params)}"
data = json.loads(fetch(url, timeout=timeout))
results = []
for item in data.get("results", []) or []:
title = item.get("title") or item.get("display_name")
authors = [
a.get("author", {}).get("display_name")
for a in (item.get("authorships") or [])
if a.get("author")
]
doi = item.get("doi")
if doi and doi.startswith("https://doi.org/"):
doi = doi[len("https://doi.org/"):]
primary_location = item.get("primary_location") or {}
source = primary_location.get("source") or {}
open_access = item.get("open_access") or {}
results.append({
"source": "openalex",
"title": title,
"authors": authors,
"year": item.get("publication_year"),
"venue": source.get("display_name"),
"doi": doi,
"arxiv_id": None,
"abstract": _reconstruct_abstract(item.get("abstract_inverted_index")),
"citation_count": item.get("cited_by_count"),
"pdf_url": open_access.get("oa_url") or primary_location.get("pdf_url"),
})
return results
if __name__ == "__main__":
ap = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
ap.add_argument("query")
ap.add_argument("--max", type=int, default=10)
args = ap.parse_args()
try:
out = search_openalex(args.query, args.max)
print(json.dumps(out, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2))
except Exception as e:
print(json.dumps({"error": str(e)}, ensure_ascii=False))
sys.exit(1)

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@ -13,9 +13,11 @@ import sys
import os
import json
import argparse
import urllib.request
import urllib.parse
sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
from http_utils import fetch
S2_API = "https://api.semanticscholar.org/graph/v1/paper/search"
FIELDS = "title,authors,year,venue,externalIds,abstract,citationCount"
@ -23,12 +25,11 @@ FIELDS = "title,authors,year,venue,externalIds,abstract,citationCount"
def search_s2(query, max_results=10, timeout=20):
params = {"query": query, "limit": max_results, "fields": FIELDS}
url = f"{S2_API}?{urllib.parse.urlencode(params)}"
req = urllib.request.Request(url)
headers = {}
api_key = os.environ.get("S2_API_KEY")
if api_key:
req.add_header("x-api-key", api_key)
with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=timeout) as resp:
data = json.loads(resp.read())
headers["x-api-key"] = api_key
data = json.loads(fetch(url, headers=headers, timeout=timeout))
results = []
for p in data.get("data", []) or []:
ext = p.get("externalIds") or {}

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@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Unit tests for archive_references.py's slugify() and the minimal bib parser,
covering the edge cases that are easy to get wrong silently: CJK topic names
and nested-brace LaTeX field values (e.g. \\ensuremath{\\epsilon}).
Run: python -m unittest discover -s .claude/skills/literature-search-verify/scripts
"""
import os
import sys
import tempfile
import unittest
sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), ".."))
import archive_references as ar
class TestSlugify(unittest.TestCase):
def test_ascii_topic(self):
self.assertEqual(ar.slugify("UAV aeromagnetic compensation"), "uav_aeromagnetic_compensation")
def test_chinese_topic_is_preserved_not_collapsed_to_generic_name(self):
slug = ar.slugify("无人机磁补偿")
self.assertNotEqual(slug, "references")
self.assertIn("补偿", slug)
def test_mixed_chinese_and_english(self):
slug = ar.slugify("无人机磁补偿 Tolles-Lawson")
self.assertTrue(slug.endswith("tolles_lawson"))
def test_blank_topic_falls_back_to_references(self):
self.assertEqual(ar.slugify(" "), "references")
def test_truncated_to_60_chars(self):
self.assertEqual(len(ar.slugify("a" * 100)), 60)
class TestParseBibEntries(unittest.TestCase):
def _write_bib(self, content):
fd, path = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=".bib")
with os.fdopen(fd, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
f.write(content)
self.addCleanup(os.remove, path)
return path
def test_nested_braces_in_field_value_do_not_truncate_it(self):
bib = (
"@article{wu2017,\n"
" title = {Aeromagnetic gradient compensation using \\ensuremath{\\epsilon}-SVR},\n"
" journal = {Journal of Applied Remote Sensing},\n"
" year = {2017},\n"
" doi = {10.1117/1.jrs.11.025012},\n"
"}"
)
entries = ar.parse_bib_entries(self._write_bib(bib))
self.assertEqual(len(entries), 1)
self.assertIn("\\ensuremath{\\epsilon}-SVR", entries[0]["title"])
self.assertEqual(entries[0]["year"], "2017")
def test_multiple_entries_and_optional_fields(self):
bib = (
"@article{a2020,\n"
" title = {First paper},\n"
" year = {2020},\n"
"}\n\n"
"@article{b2021,\n"
" title = {Second paper},\n"
" year = {2021},\n"
" note = {some note},\n"
"}"
)
entries = ar.parse_bib_entries(self._write_bib(bib))
self.assertEqual([e["key"] for e in entries], ["a2020", "b2021"])
self.assertNotIn("note", entries[0])
self.assertEqual(entries[1]["note"], "some note")
class TestYearSortKey(unittest.TestCase):
def test_entries_without_a_parseable_year_sort_last(self):
entries = [{"key": "b", "year": ""}, {"key": "a", "year": "1999"}]
entries.sort(key=ar.year_sort_key)
self.assertEqual([e["key"] for e in entries], ["a", "b"])
class TestBuildReadme(unittest.TestCase):
def test_omits_optional_sections_when_not_given(self):
readme = ar.build_readme("Topic", [], 0, [], None)
self.assertNotIn("Flagged during search", readme)
self.assertNotIn("Search coverage notes", readme)
def test_includes_suspect_and_notes_when_given(self):
readme = ar.build_readme("Topic", [], 0, ["Bad title|dubious venue"], "coverage notes here")
self.assertIn("Bad title", readme)
self.assertIn("dubious venue", readme)
self.assertIn("coverage notes here", readme)
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Unit tests for http_utils.fetch's retry/backoff behavior. All network calls
are mocked -- these never touch the real network.
Run: python -m unittest discover -s .claude/skills/literature-search-verify/scripts
"""
import os
import sys
import unittest
import urllib.error
import urllib.request
from email.message import Message
from unittest import mock
sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), ".."))
import http_utils
def _http_error(code, retry_after=None):
hdrs = Message()
if retry_after is not None:
hdrs["Retry-After"] = str(retry_after)
return urllib.error.HTTPError("http://example.com", code, "err", hdrs, None)
class FakeResponse:
def __init__(self, data):
self._data = data
def read(self):
return self._data
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, *exc_info):
return False
class TestFetch(unittest.TestCase):
@mock.patch("urllib.request.urlopen")
@mock.patch("http_utils.time.sleep", return_value=None)
def test_succeeds_first_try_without_sleeping(self, mock_sleep, mock_urlopen):
mock_urlopen.return_value = FakeResponse(b"ok")
result = http_utils.fetch("http://example.com")
self.assertEqual(result, b"ok")
mock_sleep.assert_not_called()
@mock.patch("urllib.request.urlopen")
@mock.patch("http_utils.time.sleep", return_value=None)
def test_retries_on_429_then_succeeds(self, mock_sleep, mock_urlopen):
mock_urlopen.side_effect = [_http_error(429), FakeResponse(b"ok")]
result = http_utils.fetch("http://example.com", max_retries=3)
self.assertEqual(result, b"ok")
self.assertEqual(mock_urlopen.call_count, 2)
mock_sleep.assert_called_once()
@mock.patch("urllib.request.urlopen")
@mock.patch("http_utils.time.sleep", return_value=None)
def test_retries_on_5xx(self, mock_sleep, mock_urlopen):
mock_urlopen.side_effect = [_http_error(503), FakeResponse(b"ok")]
result = http_utils.fetch("http://example.com", max_retries=3)
self.assertEqual(result, b"ok")
@mock.patch("urllib.request.urlopen")
@mock.patch("http_utils.time.sleep", return_value=None)
def test_raises_after_exhausting_retries(self, mock_sleep, mock_urlopen):
mock_urlopen.side_effect = [_http_error(429)] * 10
with self.assertRaises(urllib.error.HTTPError):
http_utils.fetch("http://example.com", max_retries=2)
self.assertEqual(mock_urlopen.call_count, 3) # initial attempt + 2 retries
@mock.patch("urllib.request.urlopen")
@mock.patch("http_utils.time.sleep", return_value=None)
def test_non_retryable_status_raises_immediately(self, mock_sleep, mock_urlopen):
mock_urlopen.side_effect = _http_error(404)
with self.assertRaises(urllib.error.HTTPError):
http_utils.fetch("http://example.com")
self.assertEqual(mock_urlopen.call_count, 1)
mock_sleep.assert_not_called()
class TestWaitSeconds(unittest.TestCase):
def test_honors_retry_after_header(self):
err = _http_error(429, retry_after=5)
self.assertEqual(http_utils._wait_seconds(err, attempt=0), 5.0)
def test_falls_back_to_exponential_backoff_without_header(self):
err = _http_error(429)
self.assertAlmostEqual(http_utils._wait_seconds(err, attempt=2, base=1.0), 4.0)
def test_caps_wait_time(self):
err = _http_error(429, retry_after=999)
self.assertEqual(http_utils._wait_seconds(err, attempt=0, cap=20.0), 20.0)
def test_ignores_unparseable_retry_after(self):
err = _http_error(429, retry_after="not-a-number")
self.assertAlmostEqual(http_utils._wait_seconds(err, attempt=0, base=1.0), 1.0)
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Unit tests for literature_search.py's candidate merging and BibTeX generation.
Run: python -m unittest discover -s .claude/skills/literature-search-verify/scripts
"""
import os
import sys
import unittest
sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), ".."))
import literature_search as ls
class TestMergeCandidates(unittest.TestCase):
def test_dedupes_same_paper_across_sources_and_fills_missing_fields(self):
items = [
{"source": "arxiv", "title": "Deep Learning for Aeromagnetic Compensation",
"arxiv_id": "2401.00001", "doi": None, "year": "2024"},
{"source": "crossref", "title": "Deep Learning for Aeromagnetic Compensation",
"arxiv_id": None, "doi": "10.1/x", "year": 2024, "venue": "Some Journal"},
]
merged = ls.merge_candidates(items)
self.assertEqual(len(merged), 1)
self.assertEqual(merged[0]["arxiv_id"], "2401.00001")
self.assertEqual(merged[0]["doi"], "10.1/x")
self.assertEqual(sorted(merged[0]["sources"]), ["arxiv", "crossref"])
def test_distinct_titles_are_not_merged(self):
items = [
{"source": "arxiv", "title": "Paper About Cats"},
{"source": "crossref", "title": "Paper About Dogs"},
]
self.assertEqual(len(ls.merge_candidates(items)), 2)
class TestBibtexKey(unittest.TestCase):
def test_collision_gets_letter_suffix(self):
used = set()
key1 = ls.make_bibtex_key({"authors": ["Jane Smith"], "year": "2020"}, used)
key2 = ls.make_bibtex_key({"authors": ["John Smith"], "year": "2020"}, used)
self.assertEqual(key1, "smith2020")
self.assertEqual(key2, "smith2020a")
def test_no_authors_falls_back_to_unknown(self):
key = ls.make_bibtex_key({"authors": [], "year": "2020"}, set())
self.assertEqual(key, "unknown2020")
class TestToBibtex(unittest.TestCase):
def test_arxiv_only_candidate_uses_misc_with_eprint(self):
cand = {"authors": ["A B"], "title": "T", "year": "2024",
"arxiv_id": "2401.00001", "venue": None, "doi": None}
bib = ls.to_bibtex(cand, "b2024")
self.assertTrue(bib.startswith("@misc{b2024,"))
self.assertIn("eprint = {2401.00001}", bib)
def test_candidate_with_venue_uses_article_with_doi(self):
cand = {"authors": ["A B"], "title": "T", "year": "2024",
"arxiv_id": None, "venue": "Some Journal", "doi": "10.1/x"}
bib = ls.to_bibtex(cand, "b2024")
self.assertTrue(bib.startswith("@article{b2024,"))
self.assertIn("doi = {10.1/x}", bib)
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

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@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Unit tests for verify_citation's verdict aggregation logic -- this is the
anti-hallucination guarantee, so its three-way verified/suspect/unverified
decision needs to stay correct independent of any real network call. All
individual check_* functions are mocked; only the aggregation logic itself
(verify() and _combine_title_checks()) is under test.
Run: python -m unittest discover -s .claude/skills/literature-search-verify/scripts
"""
import os
import sys
import unittest
from unittest import mock
sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), ".."))
import verify_citation as vc
class TestCombineTitleChecks(unittest.TestCase):
"""Two independent title sources (S2 + OpenAlex) shouldn't let one
source's incomplete coverage outvote the other's confirmation."""
def test_both_pass_picks_higher_similarity(self):
s2 = {"status": "pass", "similarity": 0.95, "matched_title": "A"}
oa = {"status": "pass", "similarity": 0.99, "matched_title": "B"}
combined = vc._combine_title_checks(s2, oa)
self.assertEqual(combined["status"], "pass")
self.assertEqual(combined["matched_title"], "B")
def test_one_pass_one_fail_still_passes(self):
s2 = {"status": "fail", "reason": "no matching title found on Semantic Scholar"}
oa = {"status": "pass", "similarity": 0.95, "matched_title": "B"}
self.assertEqual(vc._combine_title_checks(s2, oa)["status"], "pass")
def test_one_pass_one_skipped_still_passes(self):
s2 = {"status": "skipped", "reason": "timeout"}
oa = {"status": "pass", "similarity": 0.95, "matched_title": "B"}
self.assertEqual(vc._combine_title_checks(s2, oa)["status"], "pass")
def test_both_fail_is_fail(self):
s2 = {"status": "fail", "reason": "x"}
oa = {"status": "fail", "reason": "y"}
self.assertEqual(vc._combine_title_checks(s2, oa)["status"], "fail")
def test_fail_plus_skipped_is_still_fail(self):
s2 = {"status": "fail", "reason": "x"}
oa = {"status": "skipped", "reason": "y"}
self.assertEqual(vc._combine_title_checks(s2, oa)["status"], "fail")
def test_both_skipped_is_skipped_not_fail(self):
s2 = {"status": "skipped", "reason": "x"}
oa = {"status": "skipped", "reason": "y"}
self.assertEqual(vc._combine_title_checks(s2, oa)["status"], "skipped")
class TestVerifyVerdict(unittest.TestCase):
def test_all_checks_pass_is_verified(self):
with mock.patch.object(vc, "check_arxiv_id", return_value={"status": "pass"}), \
mock.patch.object(vc, "check_doi", return_value={"status": "pass"}), \
mock.patch.object(vc, "check_title_cross_source_s2", return_value={"status": "pass", "similarity": 1.0}), \
mock.patch.object(vc, "check_title_cross_source_openalex", return_value={"status": "pass", "similarity": 1.0}):
result = vc.verify(title="T", arxiv_id="1234.5678", doi="10.1/x")
self.assertEqual(result["verdict"], "verified")
def test_one_failing_check_is_suspect_even_if_another_passes(self):
with mock.patch.object(vc, "check_arxiv_id", return_value={"status": "fail", "reason": "arXiv ID not found"}), \
mock.patch.object(vc, "check_doi", return_value={"status": "pass"}):
result = vc.verify(arxiv_id="9999.99999", doi="10.1/x")
self.assertEqual(result["verdict"], "suspect")
def test_all_checks_skipped_is_unverified_not_verified(self):
with mock.patch.object(vc, "check_arxiv_id", return_value={"status": "skipped", "reason": "timeout"}):
result = vc.verify(arxiv_id="1234.5678")
self.assertEqual(result["verdict"], "unverified")
def test_no_identifiers_given_produces_no_checks_and_unverified(self):
result = vc.verify(title=None, arxiv_id=None, doi=None)
self.assertEqual(result["checks"], {})
self.assertEqual(result["verdict"], "unverified")
class TestTitleSimilarity(unittest.TestCase):
def test_identical_titles_score_one(self):
self.assertEqual(vc.title_similarity("Same Title", "same title"), 1.0)
def test_empty_or_missing_inputs_score_zero(self):
self.assertEqual(vc.title_similarity("", "x"), 0.0)
self.assertEqual(vc.title_similarity(None, "x"), 0.0)
self.assertEqual(vc.title_similarity("x", None), 0.0)
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

View File

@ -13,14 +13,17 @@ Importable:
from verify_citation import verify
"""
import sys
import os
import json
import argparse
import difflib
import urllib.request
import urllib.parse
import urllib.error
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
from http_utils import fetch
ATOM_NS = {"atom": "http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"}
@ -34,8 +37,7 @@ def check_arxiv_id(arxiv_id, timeout=20):
"""Confirm an arXiv ID actually resolves to a real paper."""
try:
url = f"http://export.arxiv.org/api/query?id_list={urllib.parse.quote(arxiv_id)}"
with urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=timeout) as resp:
data = resp.read()
data = fetch(url, timeout=timeout)
root = ET.fromstring(data)
entry = root.find("atom:entry", ATOM_NS)
if entry is None:
@ -51,11 +53,7 @@ def check_doi(doi, timeout=20):
"""Confirm a DOI actually resolves via Crossref."""
try:
url = f"https://api.crossref.org/works/{urllib.parse.quote(doi)}"
req = urllib.request.Request(
url, headers={"User-Agent": "literature-search-verify-skill/1.0"}
)
with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=timeout) as resp:
data = json.loads(resp.read())
data = json.loads(fetch(url, headers={"User-Agent": "literature-search-verify-skill/1.0"}, timeout=timeout))
titles = data.get("message", {}).get("title") or []
return {"status": "pass", "canonical_title": titles[0] if titles else None}
except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
@ -66,27 +64,70 @@ def check_doi(doi, timeout=20):
return {"status": "skipped", "reason": str(e)}
def check_title_cross_source(title, timeout=20):
"""Independently re-search by title on a different source (Semantic
Scholar) and require a near-exact title match. This is what catches a
plausible-sounding but entirely invented title/author combination."""
def _best_title_match(candidates, title, title_field="title"):
best = max(candidates, key=lambda p: title_similarity(title, p.get(title_field, "") or ""))
sim = title_similarity(title, best.get(title_field, "") or "")
return sim, best.get(title_field)
def check_title_cross_source_s2(title, timeout=20):
"""Independently re-search by title on Semantic Scholar and require a
near-exact title match. This is what catches a plausible-sounding but
entirely invented title/author combination."""
try:
params = {"query": title, "limit": 3, "fields": "title"}
url = f"https://api.semanticscholar.org/graph/v1/paper/search?{urllib.parse.urlencode(params)}"
with urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=timeout) as resp:
data = json.loads(resp.read())
data = json.loads(fetch(url, timeout=timeout))
candidates = data.get("data", []) or []
if not candidates:
return {"status": "fail", "reason": "no matching title found on Semantic Scholar"}
best = max(candidates, key=lambda p: title_similarity(title, p.get("title", "")))
sim = title_similarity(title, best.get("title", ""))
if sim >= 0.9:
return {"status": "pass", "similarity": round(sim, 3), "matched_title": best.get("title")}
return {"status": "fail", "similarity": round(sim, 3), "matched_title": best.get("title")}
sim, matched = _best_title_match(candidates, title)
status = "pass" if sim >= 0.9 else "fail"
return {"status": status, "similarity": round(sim, 3), "matched_title": matched}
except Exception as e:
return {"status": "skipped", "reason": str(e)}
def check_title_cross_source_openalex(title, timeout=20):
"""Same idea as check_title_cross_source_s2 but against OpenAlex -- a
second, independent source for the title cross-check so a single source
(S2 in particular has real-world rate-limit issues) being unavailable
doesn't drop this whole check to 'skipped' for a batch of candidates."""
try:
params = {"search": title, "per_page": 3, "select": "display_name"}
url = f"https://api.openalex.org/works?{urllib.parse.urlencode(params)}"
data = json.loads(fetch(url, timeout=timeout))
candidates = data.get("results", []) or []
if not candidates:
return {"status": "fail", "reason": "no matching title found on OpenAlex"}
sim, matched = _best_title_match(candidates, title, title_field="display_name")
status = "pass" if sim >= 0.9 else "fail"
return {"status": status, "similarity": round(sim, 3), "matched_title": matched}
except Exception as e:
return {"status": "skipped", "reason": str(e)}
def _combine_title_checks(s2_result, openalex_result):
"""Merge the two independent title cross-checks into one verdict-relevant
check. Coverage differs between S2 and OpenAlex, so one source not
indexing a (real) paper yet is common and must not, by itself, read as
"actively contradicted" the way a single-source design would have taken
it -- a pass from either source is enough; it only counts as an active
fail once neither source could corroborate it and at least one of them
genuinely searched (wasn't just skipped for network reasons)."""
sources = {"semantic_scholar": s2_result, "openalex": openalex_result}
passing = [r for r in sources.values() if r["status"] == "pass"]
if passing:
best = max(passing, key=lambda r: r.get("similarity", 0))
return {"status": "pass", "sources": sources, "similarity": best.get("similarity"),
"matched_title": best.get("matched_title")}
non_skipped = [r for r in sources.values() if r["status"] != "skipped"]
if non_skipped:
return {"status": "fail", "sources": sources,
"reason": "no title match on either Semantic Scholar or OpenAlex"}
return {"status": "skipped", "sources": sources, "reason": "both sources unavailable"}
def verify(title=None, arxiv_id=None, doi=None):
checks = {}
if arxiv_id:
@ -94,7 +135,10 @@ def verify(title=None, arxiv_id=None, doi=None):
if doi:
checks["doi_check"] = check_doi(doi)
if title:
checks["title_cross_source_check"] = check_title_cross_source(title)
checks["title_cross_source_check"] = _combine_title_checks(
check_title_cross_source_s2(title),
check_title_cross_source_openalex(title),
)
passed = [c for c in checks.values() if c["status"] == "pass"]
failed = [c for c in checks.values() if c["status"] == "fail"]

View File

@ -10,7 +10,8 @@
.claude/skills/ 所有 skill 的定义,每个子目录一个 skill,只放代码/说明
literature-search-verify/ 检索 + 反幻觉引用核查
SKILL.md skill 说明(frontmatter name 必须与目录名一致)
scripts/ 纯标准库 Python 脚本,无第三方依赖
scripts/ 纯标准库 Python 脚本,无第三方依赖(含 http_utils.py 统一限流重试)
tests/ unittest 单测,全部mock网络请求,不发真实请求
paper-writing-grounded/ 论文写作(强制数据溯源)
SKILL.md
git-commit/ 规范化 commit message 生成与提交
@ -47,21 +48,24 @@ references/<topic-slug>/ literature-search-verify 归档产出的稳
## 已知薄弱环节 / 待办方向
- `scripts/search_semantic_scholar.py``verify_citation.py` 对 Semantic Scholar
的限流(HTTP 429)没有重试/退避,会话量大时会导致大量条目退化成只有单源验证
(已在 `references/uav_aeromagnetic_compensation/README.md` 的检索记录里实际发生过)。
- 核心正确性逻辑(`verify_citation.py` 的三档判定、`archive_references.py`
bib 字段解析)目前没有自动化测试兜底,只能靠人工抽查实际输出结果。
- 目前只覆盖"检索/核实"与"写作/溯源"两段,引用一致性核查(定稿里的
`\cite{}` 是否都对得上 `references.bib`、有没有归档了却从未引用的条目)、
面向具体学科的补充检索源等还没有对应 skill。
`\cite{}` 是否都对得上 `references.bib`、有没有归档了却从未引用的条目)
还没有对应 skill。
- `search_openalex.py` 目前只用了 OpenAlex Works API 里比较基础的字段
(标题/作者/年份/venue/DOI/引用数/开放获取PDF),没有用它的 concept/topic
分类字段做更细的学科过滤——如果以后要精确限定学科方向,这是可以深挖的点。
## 下一步计划(已和用户确认,尚未实施)
## 下一步计划
1. **给核心脚本补单测 + 给网络请求加限流重试**:`verify_citation.py` 的三档
判定逻辑、`archive_references.py` 的 bib 字段解析(覆盖嵌套花括号等边界
情况)补 pytest 单测;`search_semantic_scholar.py` 等对 S2/arXiv/Crossref
的请求加退避重试,避免再出现"S2 被限流导致大量条目退化成单源验证"的情况。
1. ~~给核心脚本补单测 + 给网络请求加限流重试~~ **已完成**:新增
`scripts/http_utils.py` 统一封装限流重试(429/5xx指数退避,遵守
`Retry-After`),`search_arxiv/crossref/semantic_scholar/openalex.py`
`verify_citation.py` 都已接入;`verify_citation.py` 的跨源标题核查改成
同时查 Semantic Scholar + OpenAlex 两个独立源(任一命中即通过),不再
单点依赖 S2;新增 `search_openalex.py` 作为第四个检索源;`archive_references.py`
`slugify()` 修了中文主题名被折叠成通用"references"名的问题;
`scripts/tests/` 下补了 37 个 unittest 单测(全部mock,不发真实请求),
覆盖上述所有改动。
2. **新增"引用一致性核查" skill**:检查定稿里所有 `\cite{}` 的 key 是否都能在
对应主题的 `references/<slug>/references.bib` 里找到,以及有没有已归档
但从未被正文引用的"僵尸条目",在 literature-search-verify 和